IRS · Official form

Form 1120-F, U.S. Income Tax Return of a Foreign Corporation

Form 1120-F is the U.S. income tax return for foreign corporations. It covers both income effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business and U.S.-source income taxed on a gross basis.

This is the genuine IRS PDF, unmodified. Source: IRS official page.

What is 1120-F?

A foreign corporation uses Form 1120-F to report its U.S. income, gains, losses, deductions, and credits and to figure its U.S. income tax liability. The return separates income into sections: Section I for U.S.-source income not connected with a U.S. business (typically taxed at a flat rate on the gross amount), and Section II for income effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business, which is taxed on a net basis like a domestic corporation’s income.

The form also handles the branch profits tax in Section III and carries supporting schedules for interest expense allocation, deductions tied to effectively connected income, and treaty-based positions. Corporations with $10 million or more in reportable assets complete Schedule M-3 to reconcile book and taxable income.

Who files 1120-F?

  • Foreign corporations engaged in a trade or business in the United States, whether or not they had U.S. income
  • Foreign corporations with U.S.-source income whose tax was not fully satisfied by withholding at source
  • Foreign corporations filing to claim a refund, a treaty-based position, or deductions and credits
  • Some filers claim exclusions such as section 883 for international shipping or aircraft income on this return

How to fill out 1120-F

  1. Complete the header with the corporation’s name, country of incorporation, U.S. EIN, and the questions about U.S. business activity.
  2. Report U.S.-source income not effectively connected with a U.S. business in Section I, along with the withholding already applied.
  3. Report effectively connected income and deductions in Section II to reach net taxable income.
  4. Work through Section III for the branch profits tax and tax on excess interest, if they apply.
  5. Download the completed PDF and file by the due date in the current instructions, which depends on whether the corporation has a U.S. office.

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Frequently asked questions

Does a foreign corporation with no U.S. income ever need to file?

Often yes. A foreign corporation engaged in a U.S. trade or business generally files Form 1120-F even if it had no effectively connected income, and filing protects the right to claim deductions and credits.

What is effectively connected income?

Income tied to the conduct of a trade or business in the United States. It is taxed on a net basis at regular corporate rates, unlike passive U.S.-source income, which is generally taxed at a flat rate on the gross amount, often collected through withholding.

Can a tax treaty change what goes on Form 1120-F?

Yes. Treaties can reduce rates or exempt business profits not attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment. Treaty-based return positions are typically disclosed on Form 8833 attached to the return.